Consult the Publication Manual
of the American Psychological Association (5th ed.)
for special situations.
In-Text Parenthetical
References
You must give credit in the text
to paraphrases of words and ideas as well as to exact quotations.
Three ways to cite sources in the text:
- Statements followed by the
cite in parentheses.
(Exact Quote)
"...mothers who are overly
strict and harshly punitive... who strongly
show their anger or disappointment
with their children, are likely to impede their
children's prosocial development"
(Hastings et al., 2000, p. 543).
(Exact Quote -- Electronic Source
- No page numbers given. Give section and paragraph.)
"...mothers who are extremely
strict ...may impede their children's prosocial
development (Hastings
et al., 2000, Conclusion section, para.4).
(Paraphrase)
Extremely critical mothers might
warp children's social development
(Hastings et al., 2000).
[Note: This is not a good
paraphrase. It changes just a few words.]
- Sentence includes the author(s)
with the year in parentheses.
Hastings
et al. (2000) found that overly strict mothers...
- Sentence includes the author(s)
and the year.
A 2000 study by Hastings et
al. determined that...
Note: For in-text cites, for three,
four, or five authors, list all names followed by commas
the first time cited and only first author followed by et
al. and date for subsequent cites; for six or more authors,
use the abbreviation, et al., for all cites.
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Cited References
Format
The reference list at the end of
a paper provides the information needed to locate and retrieve
the source documents cited in the paper.
General notes:
- Include only sources that were used
in the preparation of the paper.
- Arrange entries in alphabetical order
by last name of author.
- Use a hanging indent: the first line
is at the left margin; subsequent lines are indented five
spaces.
- Double space all entries.
- Double space also between entries.
- Space once after all punctuation.
- Use only the initials of the authors'
first and middle names.
- Include the names of all authors,
no matter how many.
- List all authors in reverse order:
last name, first and middle initials.
- If two or more authors are listed,
use an amperstand (&) in front of the last author.
- Use commas after authors' names and
before the ampersand.
- If no author is given, start with
the title and then the date. Incorporate these into the
list in proper alphabetical order, ignoring initial articles.
- Capitalize only the first words of
book or article titles; capitalize all important words
in the name of a journal.
- Italicize or underscore the names
of books and periodicals.
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Note: These examples are single-spaced
to save space. In a paper, entries are double-spaced.
Book
Author, X. X., Author, Y. Y.,Jr.,
& Author, Z. Z. (Year). Title: Capitalize
only the first word of the title
and also of the subtitle and proper names, and
italicize or underscore the entire
title including the period. (If the book
is a 2nd or subsequent edition, put
the edition in parentheses after the title
and before the period). City of publication
and state if not well-known city:
Publisher.
Stilwell, B. M., Galvin, M. R., &
Kopta, S. M. (2000). Right vs. wrong:
Raising a child with a conscience
(2nd ed). Bloomington: Indiana
University Press.
Edited Book
Editor, A. A., Editor, B. B., & Editor,
C. C. (Eds.). (Year). Title as for authored book,
italicized or underscored.
City: Publisher.
Sprinthall, N. A., & Mosher, R. L.
(Eds.). (1978). Value development as
the aim of education. Schenectady,
N. Y.: Character Research Press.
Chapter in a Book
Author, A. A. (Year). Title of chapter,
only initial word capitalized, no underscore
quotation marks, or italic. In A. Editor
& B. Editor (Eds.), Title of book, italics or
underscore (pp. xxx-xxx). City:
Publisher.
Kalish, C. W. (2000). Children's
thinking about truth: a parallel to
social domain judgments? In M.
Laupta (Ed.), Rights and wrongs:
How children and young adults
evaluate the world (pp.6-22). San
Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
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Journal Article
- Continuous Pagination
Author, A. B., & Author, C.
D. (Year). Title of article, capitalizing only the first
word
of title, and first word of subtitle,
and proper nouns; no quotation marks,
underscore, or italics. Name
of the Periodical, Underscored or Italics, and
All Important Words Capitalized,
volume number, only the number, also
underscored, inclusive
pages.
Walker, L. J., Hennig, K. H.,
& Krettenauer, T. (2000) Parent and peer
contexts for children's
moral reasoning development. Child
Development, 71, 1033-1048.
Journal Article - Repaginated Issues
Same as Continuous Pagination,
except after volume number, (issue number in
parentheses), inclusive pages.
Denton, J. (1997). Character
and moral development. Namta Journal,
22(2), 111-116.
Electronic
Journal Article -- from Online Database (available also
in print)
Note: Inserting [Electronic version] immediately
following the article title should indicate an exact
online equivalent
to a print version (i.e. a PDF file).
If there is no pagination (i.e., an HTML page), omit
page numbers.
Author, A.B., & Author,
C.D. (Date). Title of article, capitalizing only the
first word of
title, and first word of
subtitle, and proper nouns; no quotation marks, or
italics. Name of the Periodical,
Underscored or Italics, and All Important
Words Capitalized, volume number,
only the number, also underscored or
italicized, inclusive pages.
Retrieval statement including date and database.
Walker, L.J., Hennig, K.H.,
& Krettenauer, T. (2000). Parent and peer
contexts for children's
moral reasoning development. Child
Development, 71,
1033-1048. Retrieved October 25, 2001, from
Expanded Academic ASAP (Academic OneFile) database.
Article -- Not from Database -- Available Only
On-line
Author. (Date if available).
Title, capitalize only the first word of title, and
first word of subtitle, and proper nouns or
adjectives;
no quotation marks, underscore, or italics. Title of
journal in italics, volume, article number or page
numbers
if given. Retrieval statement including date retrieved,
and the URL for the document itself; point directly
to the document, do not close the URL with a period.
If you must put a site on two lines, break before a
slash or dot.
Berkowitz, M.W., & Grych, J.H.
(1998) Fostering goodness: Teaching parents to facilitate
children's moral
development. Sit Up Straight: The
Journal of Moral Inculcation, 7, Article 09b. Retrieved
March 23, 2004
from http://tigger.uic.edu
/~lnucci/MoralEd/aotm/Berko.htm
Websites (Nonperiodical Documents
on the Internet)
Author and/or source if given.
(Date if given). Title in italics. Retrieval statement
including date retrieved, department
or program if from
a large and complex website such as a university or
government agency, report number if applicable,
and the URL for the document itself;
point directly to the document, do not close the URL
with a period. If you must put
a site on two lines,
break before a slash or dot.
University of Illinois at Chicago.
Technology in Higher Education. Retrieved October
25, 2001, from University of Illinois
at Chicago, College
of Education, Office for Studies in Technological Progress
and Educational Applications Web site:
http://eeyore.umd.edu/~lnucci/Tech/aotm/highered.htm
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ERIC Document
Author, last name first, followed
by initials. (Date in parentheses). Title underscored or
italicized: Only first
word of title and subtitle and proper nouns and adjectives
capitalized
(Report number in parentheses if there is a report number;
this is
not the ERIC number). City, State postal
abbrev. (ERIC Document
Reproduction Service
No. ED xxx xxx
in parentheses) If obtained electronically,
add retrieval statement.
McCrary, J. H. (1999). Children's
heroes and heroines: Developing values
manifested through artwork.
Paper presented at the annual meeting
of the Mid-South Educational Research
Association, Point Clear,
AL. (ERIC Document Reproduction
Service No. ED 437 390) Retrieved
October 25, 2002, from EDRS E-subscribe
database.
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Abstract -
Same as full source but add the word [Abstract] in brackets
after title.
Abstract for dissertation:
Author, last name first, followed
by initials. (Date in parentheses). Title,
capitalizing only the first word of
title, and first word of subtitle, and
proper nouns; no quotation marks, underscore,
or italics [Abstract].
Name of source underscored or italicized.
If electronic, give retrieval
statement, Abstract obtained from.....
Fuqua, B.H. (1999). Young children's
decisions about naughtiness and
punishment in constructivist classrooms
[Abstract]. Abstract obtained
from Proquest: Dissertation
Abstracts International, UMI No. 9920203.
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Video
Names of primary contributors if
given (Function in parentheses). (Date in
parentheses). Title underscored or
italicized: Only the first word and
proper nouns and adjectives capitalized
[Type of material in brackets].
(Available from distributor's name and
address in parentheses)
Krigbaum, M. (Producer), & Cox, R.A.
(Director). (1977). Morality:
The process of moral development
[Vidocassette]. (Available
from Davidson Films, 668 Marsh
Street, San Luis Obispo, CA 93401)
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Mental Measurements Yearbook
Last name, first initial of review author. (Year of MMY publication).
[Review of the name of test.] In name(s) of MMY editors,
The [edition] mental
measurements yearbook (pp. xxx-xxx). Lincoln, NE: Buros Institute of Mental
Measurements.
Sandoval, J. (2003). [Review of the Woodcock-Johnson III].
In B. S. Plake,
J. C. Impara, & R. A. Spies (Eds.), The fifteenth
mental measurements
yearbook (pp. 1024-1028). Lincoln, NE: Buros Institute of Mental Measurements
*Dates of Mental Meaurements Yearbooks:
9th-1985; 10th-1989; 11th-1992; 12th-1995; 13th-1998;
14th-2001. 15th-2003
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